Geochemical Monitoring of Volcanical Activity: Methods and Trends
Keywords:
Geochemical monitoring, Volcanic gas emissions, Multi-GAS sensors, Isotope fingerprinting, Passive gas spectroscopyAbstract
The eruption of volcanoes remains one of the key natural hazards, which calls for real-time monitoring with an aim of issuing precautionary warning and alleviating risk involved. In this review, the modern advancements in geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity based on the study of gaseous products, utilisation of isotope fingerprinting approaches, and implementation of artificial-intelligence-assisted forecasting models are synthesised. There is a specific interest in the emerging trend of portable Multi-GAS systems to be able to do in-situ concentration measurements of CO2, SO2, and H2S and thus improve precision and safety of on-ground measurements in challenging volcanic landscapes. These tools, combined with remote-sensing data obtained on drones, open a potentially transformative chapter of spatially and temporally defined sampling in area active volcano vents. The new empirical interest in compound-specific isotope-traceable forms of magmatic gas tracing, hydrothermal alteration process characterisation, and elucidation of the pre-eruptive dynamics of volcanic systems have all become possible. The embedding large-scale and multifactor datasets in machine-learning algorithms enhance the abilities of eruption forecasting since it translates intricate measurements into usable information. In retrospect, the future of volcanic observatory is most feasibly predicted to be characterized by autonomous sensor networks, cloud-hosted data frameworks, and standardization of high-resolution gas profiling, consequently inciting more global consistency and improving both proactive and reacting surveillance policies.
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